Following the new "tradition" of posting tips of the week, I decided to follow along and join the initiative. So, after a long delay, Anton Logging Tip of the Day #16: Virtually There - Journey Into VMWare ESX Log Analysis CISecurity guide for VMWare (here) and DISA STIG for virtual machines (here) both mandate collection and analysis of VM platform logs; none goes into enough details on what to look for in logs. Let's try to shed some light on security-focused log analysis of VMWare ESX v. 3.x logs. First, at least until ESXi becomes the default choice, one needs to keep in mind that ESX has "Linux-inside" and thus diving into /var/log will not reveal any "alien technology" (well, not much of it  :-)). However, one of the most useful logs is /var/log/hostd.N which is not a descendant of Linux standard logs. Extensive VM event records are written into this file. Let's focus on various types of logins to the ESX platform and identify logs that indicate a successful and failed attempts to log in. Here are a few useful examples to analyze: Successful logins:

• May 30 09:20:42 esx2 su(pam_unix)[9405]: session opened for user root by jhonny(uid=1626)

This is a classic Linux root login message; you can watch for these by searching VMWare ESX logs for "session AND opened AND user AND root."  Notice the user name of the user who switched to root.

• May 30 09:20:34 esx2 sshd(pam_unix)[9364]: session opened for user jhonny by (uid=0)

This is also a classic Linux message for a normal (non-root) user login.

• [2008-05-25 06:57:48.774 'ha-eventmgr' 111639472 info] Event 40645 : User logged in

This is a VMWare -specific application login to ESX. You can track such events by username, by event ID or by keywords "event AND logged AND user" (if you are using search) Failed logins:

• May 30 09:20:31 esx2 sshd[9356]: Failed password for jhonny from 1.1.1.1 port 54773 ssh2

Another classic Linux message from the ESX system; a failure to login due to incorrect password.

• May 27 12:06:59 esx2 sshd[4756]: Failed password for illegal user jonny from 1.1.1.1 port 30594 ssh2

A message indicating a failure to login due to incorrect username (note a typo).

• May 25 07:03:48 esx1 sudo:     jhonny : 3 incorrect password attempts ; TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/var/log ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/bash

This ESX Linux platform message should also be familiar to Linux/Unix admins: it indicates multiple sudo password failures; look for such messages in the logs. BTW, do you need to be reminded to track NOT only failed, but also successful login events?! This applies to virtual as well as physical environments. Overall, you must prepare for the future by learning to analyze  VMWare logs, just like you handled "legacy OS", such as Linux/Unix and Windows. As I said before, I am tagging all the tips on my del.icio.us feed; here is the link: All Security Tips of the Day. Technorati tags: security, tips, logging, log management